Chapter 1.11

We've come across in a previous lesson. Over there, we had the masdar coming as a مضاف to what was supposed to be its فاعل. Here we have the same word but this time it's coming as a مضاف to what was supposed to be its مفعول به. Therefore when we translate we have to incorporate the translation of the object instead of the subject, "inviting the father".

The is a حرف and is what we call a حَرْفُ النِّدَاء, which means Particle of Vocation (calling/address). It has a few interesting properties that we will discuss in the future inshaa Allah.

The word in grammer is the مُنَادَى (literally the one called). It is the word with an extra Taa on the end. It is added to the original word to denote endearment, and love. The Taa has a Kasrah because there was a ياء متكلّم after it which was dropped, but the Kasrah necessitated by it remains as a sign that is was originally there. The dropped Yaa, plus the tone of endearment added to the original word then gives us the translation "my dear father".

The word is made up of the preposition and the interrogative which is called ((The Maa of Interrogation)). The ما إستفهامية often loses its Alif when a preposition is attached before it, such as in this case where the preposition ل is attached to the ما and therefore the Alif drops. You may also be familiar with Surah An-Naba which starts off with عمَّ يَتَسَاءَلُونَ. Here also the preposition عَنْ is prefixed to the ما إستفهامية and it loses its Alif. This won't always happen, but it often does.

The second in is ما الْمَوْصُوْلَة. And remember the critical reason for why the language has relative pronouns in the first place:

This is the primary purpose of relative pronouns. By granting definiteness to sentences which are originally indefinite, it allows them to be used as descriptions for a definite noun. However, as in real life, when we create solutions for problems, oftentimes we find extra uses for that invention, such as a phone. The primary purpose of a phone is to facilitate communication between two parties from a distance. But nowadays we use phones for all sorts of things, not just communication. Similarly, the relative pronoun is used for other than its primary purpose. If you look at the sentence we are analysing, there is no definite noun that we are describing. In these situations, the noun that should have been there, or the entity that the relative pronoun is referring to, its meaning comes from the relative pronoun itself. We won't just translate the relative pronoun as 'that' or 'which'. Instead, we will translate it as 'the person who, the thing which', and so on. In other words, even though the entity itself is not explicitly mentioned, its meaning will come from the relative pronoun itself. We do this in English as well. Compare the following:

• The people who commit crimes will be punished.
• Those who commit crimes will be punished.

In the first sentence, the entity 'people' is explicitly mentioned whereas in the second it is omitted. In the first instance we have the word 'people' combining with the relative clause 'who commit crimes' coming as a descriptive phrase and together they are مبتدأ of the sentence. In the second sentence there is no entity. 'Those who commit crimes' is the مبتدأ, and the meoning of people is understood from the relative pronoun 'those'.

We can now fully analyze this sentence (excluding the حَرْفُ النِّدَاء and مُنَادَى):

Here also, we have a comment on pronunciation. The أمر is with the همزة الوصل getting a dammah. But because there is a word coming before it, the vowel on the همزة الوصل is no longer needed, and so it is dropped. The Dhaal once again receives a Kasrah so it can join with the next letter which has a Shaddah on it.

Let's start the analysis. We've already counted the number of words, so now we need to know how many major portions there are and how many words are in each major portion. We have a فعل that is مُتَعَدِّي (transitive which means it has a direct object) so we are expecting a فعل فاعل مفعول به. We see the أن مصدرية coming to convert a sentence and water it down to a phrase so it can come as a مفعول به. The question is, is the entire thing the مفعول به or will there be other major portions?

First, notice that there are some Waws coming. Either they are starting a new sentence or they are coming as عطف. Next, notice that each sentence before and after the Waws are all verbal senteces. Going a step further we see that each verb is in the same state, منصوب, because they are carrying forward the effect of the أن مصدرية. Finally, check the translation, does it make sense to consider them as conjunctions or does it make more sense to treat them as the start of new sentences? Treating them as conjunction gives us:

• And he intended to go to another city
• And he intended to worship his Lord
• And he intended to call people to Allah

which makes complete sense. Therefore everything from the أن مصدرية will be مفعول به. Let's look at the full breakdown:

Notice that the phrase is موصوف صفة. It seems like is مجرور and is منصوب, but they are both in fact مجرور. The word is change restricted/partially declinable. In arabic, this is called غَيْر مُنْصَرِف. The opposite is مُنْصَرِف which means fully declinable. Words that are غَيْر مُنْصَرِف will recycle the same endings for both their نصب and جرّ states, and will also never take a tanween. We've seen this many times with إِبْرَاهِيْمُ. We've mentioned before that there are 9 reasons why something could be غَيْر مُنْصَرِف, and usually you need a word to have 2 of those 9 causes in order to be غَيْر مُنْصَرِف. Being a name, and being foreign are two of the nine reasons, which إِبْرَاهِيْمُ satisfies. Being feminine is another reason (which is why مَكَّةُ is غَيْر مُنْصَرِف. It is a name and is feminine).

Another 2 reasons are the following:

• being an adjective
• being on the pattern of a verb

The first is straighforward. We all know what an adjective is. It describes a noun. The second is also quite straightforward. In our lessons, we have looked at different types of verbs (past, present, command, prohibition, verb forms, irregularity etc). We have learned many patterns, such as فَعَلَ يَفْعَلُ اِفْعَلْ، فَعَّلَ يُفَعِّلُ فَعِّلْ... for verb form 1 past, present, and future, and verb form 2 past, present, future. If an اسم happens to rhyme with one of these verb patterns, the condition will be fulfilled.

So let's take a look at . First of all it means "other/another", and it comes after a noun as an adjective. So 1 condition is met. The other is that it is on the pattern of a verb.